Latest Judgments

Newly reported judgments from the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the High Courts and tribunals, added as they are processed — free, full text, updated daily. Judgments marked NEW were added in the most recent update. 46,805 judgments in total from the Sindh High Court.

• Dada Soap Factory Limited Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax, Central Zone 'B', Karachi1987 PTD 420 · Sindh High Court · 1987-04-12Read full judgment →
• The Commissioner of Wealth Tax Versus Messrs Adamjee Industries Ltd.1987 PTD 407 · Sindh High Court · 1986-07-28Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax Versus United Oriental Steamships1987 PTD 386 · Sindh High Court · 1986-10-27Read full judgment →
• Messrs Brilliant Fabrics' & Silk Factory, Karachi Versus Income-Tax Officer, West Zone, Karachi1987 PTD 384 · Sindh High Court · 1986-12-10Read full judgment →
• Messrs Premier Tobacco Industries Limited Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi1987 PTD 31 · Sindh High Court · 1985-08-22Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi West, Karachi Versus Malik Walayat Hussain & Sons Ltd, Quetta1987 PTD 249 · Sindh High Court · 1976-03-10Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax Central Zone 'B', Karachi Versus Soomer Saleh Foundation, Karachi1987 PTD 184 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Mumtaz Industries Ltd. Versus Commissioner of Sales Tax1987 PTD 183 · Sindh High Court · 1986-11-10Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Sales Tax Versus Mekran Fishries Ltd.1987 PTD 182 · Sindh High Court · 1986-10-27Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income--Tax Versus Mushtaq Muhammad Ali1987 PTD 178 · Sindh High Court · 1986-11-05Read full judgment →
• Messrs Pakistan Industrial Engineering Agencies Ltd., Karachi Versus The Commissioner of Income-Tax (Central), Karachi1987 PTD 149 · Sindh High Court · 1986-11-25Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi Versus Messrs Sultan Sargodha Textile Mills Ltd.1987 PTD 144 · Sindh High Court · 1986-11-10Read full judgment →
• 1986 PTD 841986 PTD 84 · Sindh High Court · 1985-11-28Read full judgment →
• Aulad Hussain Versus Khairun Nisa1986 PTD 834 · Sindh High Court · 1985-05-17Read full judgment →
• David Vaughan Racklin Versus Deputy Registrar of Trade Marks, Karachi1986 PTD 761 · Sindh High Court · 1984-04-10Read full judgment →
• Rafiquddin Ahmed Versus Karachi Metropolitan Corporation1986 PTD 52 · Sindh High Court · 1985-10-17Read full judgment →
• Muhammad Rashid Versus Fakhruddin1986 PTD 461 · Sindh High Court · 1986-04-24Read full judgment →
• Gulzar Elahi Moonga Versus United Bank Ltd1986 PTD 453 · Sindh High Court · 1986-02-19Read full judgment →
• L. P. QR. Marketing Company Ltd. Versus Indus Gas Company Ltd1986 PTD 450 · Sindh High Court · 1985-11-18Read full judgment →
• Habib Alvi Athar Versus Hassan1986 PTD 440 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• United Bank Ltd. Versus Bombay Frontier Old Tyre Co1986 PTD 43 · Sindh High Court · 1985-10-14Read full judgment →
• Muhammad Alim Versus Ahmed Mian1986 PTD 42 · Sindh High Court · 1985-08-21Read full judgment →
• Ashraf Khan Versus Gul Muhammad1986 PTD 4 · Sindh High Court · 1985-10-21Read full judgment →
• Islamuddin Versus Deputy Commissioner, Additional Settlement Commissioner, Dadu1986 PTD 343 · Sindh High Court · 1985-11-10Read full judgment →
• Bibi Samim Fatima Versus Abdul Ghafoor1986 PTD 32 · Sindh High Court · 1985-11-05Read full judgment →
• Allah Bux Versus Syed Shah1986 PTD 316 · Sindh High Court · 1986-01-16Read full judgment →
• Rafiuddin Ahmed Khan Versus Noor Jehan1986 PTD 29 · Sindh High Court · 1985-10-19Read full judgment →
• Salma Bi Versus Ephrahim Joseph1986 PTD 247 · Sindh High Court · 1985-12-18Read full judgment →
• Tanveer Mehbobb Versus Salah Bhai Abdul Hussain Tapal1986 PTD 243 · Sindh High Court · 1985-12-09Read full judgment →
• Abdul Rehman Gora Versus Asya Sultana1986 PTD 238 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Abdul Ghaffar Versus Abdul Qadir1986 PTD 233 · Sindh High Court · 1985-12-11Read full judgment →
• Mubashir Versus Badshah Hussain1986 PTD 223 · Sindh High Court · 1985-12-05Read full judgment →
• Bashir Ahmed Versus Muhammad Habib1986 PTD 2 · Sindh High Court · 1985-10-21Read full judgment →
• Muhammad Imtiaz Versus Abdul Aziz1986 PTD 197 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Muhammad Umar Versus Board of Revenue1986 PTD 16 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Shamshad Ahmed Khan Versus Aijaz Ahmed1986 PTD 126 · Sindh High Court · 1985-10-16Read full judgment →
• Amir Khan Versus K. D. a1986 PTD 100 · Sindh High Court · 1985-12-02Read full judgment →
• Mack Industries Versus Abdul Karim1986 PTD 1 · Sindh High Court · 1985-10-23Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of. Sales Tax, Karachi (Central), Karachi Versus Messrs Pakistan Fisheries Ltd., Karachi1984 PTD 410 · Sindh High Court · 1984-05-10Read full judgment →
• Haji Ibrahim Ishaq Johri Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax (West), Karachi1982 PTD 46 · Sindh High Court · 1981-12-23Read full judgment →
• Messrs Farrokh Chemical Industries Versus Commissioner of Sales Tax1982 PTD 372 · Sindh High Court · 1982-05-05Read full judgment →
• Messrs Pakistan Gum Industries Ltd. Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax (East), Karachi1982 PTD 370 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Messrs Bank of Bahawalpur Ltd. Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax1982 PTD 368 · Sindh High Court · 1982-05-03Read full judgment →
• Kassam Haji Abbas Patel Versus Income-Tax Officer, Contractors Circle, Karachi and Another1982 PTD 361 · Sindh High Court · 1982-04-05Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi Versus Messers Abbott Finance Co., S. A. R. L.1982 PTD 31 · Sindh High Court · 1981-12-01Read full judgment →
• Messrs Grindlays Bank Ltd. Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax (Central), Karachi1982 PTD 294 · Sindh High Court · 1981-08-10Read full judgment →
• The Commissioner of Income-Tax (East), Karachi Versus Messrs International Computors & Tabulators, Ltd., Karachi1982 PTD 29 · Sindh High Court · 1981-12-09Read full judgment →
• The Commissioner of Income-Tax (Investigation) Versus Messrs Jan Muhammad & Bros.1982 PTD 287 · Sindh High Court · 1982-03-31Read full judgment →
• Singer Sewing Machine Company Versus The Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi and Another1982 PTD 274 · Sindh High Court · 1980-04-01Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax (East), Karachi Versus Ebrahim D. Ahmed and Others1982 PTD 211 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Messrs Shambhumal Hiranand & Co. Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax (West), Karachi and Another1982 PTD 206 · Sindh High Court · 1982-03-03Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax (Central), Karachi Versus Messrs New Jubilee Insurance Co. Ltd.1982 PTD 200 · Sindh High Court · 1982-02-24Read full judgment →
• Messrs Dawji Dadabhai & Co. Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax (West) Karachi1982 PTD 20 · Sindh High Court · 1981-11-18Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax, Central, Karachi Versus Messrs Eastern Bank Ltd.1982 PTD 194 · Sindh High Court · 1982-02-10Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax (West), Karachi Versus Fateh Textile Mills Ltd.1982 PTD 193 · Sindh High Court · 1982-01-25Read full judgment →
• Messrs Abbasi Textile Mills Ltd. Versus Commissioner of Sales Tax (East) Karachi1982 PTD 17 · Sindh High Court · 1981-11-26Read full judgment →
• Messrs Pakistan Toilet Works Versus Income-Tax Appellate Tribunal and Another1982 PTD 14 · Sindh High Court · 1981-11-24Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax (East), Karachi Versus Ebrahim D. Ahmed1982 PTD 130 · Sindh High Court · 1982-01-25Read full judgment →
• Pan Islamic Steamship Co. Ltd. Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi (West), Karachi1982 PTD 116 · Sindh High Court · 1981-05-30Read full judgment →
• Messers Hanizjee & Sons, Hyderabad Versus The Commissioner of Sales Tax (West), Karachi1982 PTD 11 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Commissioner of Sales Tax Versus Crescent Pak Soap & Oils Mills Ltd.1982 PTD 1 · Sindh High Court · 1981-04-23Read full judgment →
• Malik Mustafa Versus The State1981 PTD 59 · Sindh High Court · 1980-12-16Read full judgment →
• Messrs Julian Hoshang Dinshaw Trust Versus Income-Tax, Officer, Circle XVIII, South Zone, Karachi1981 PTD 53 · Sindh High Court · 1980-12-17Read full judgment →
• Yousuf Hakimuddin Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax1981 PTD 3 · Sindh High Court · 1980-05-07Read full judgment →
• Muhammad Shafi Versus The National Sports Trust, Karachi1981 PTD 27 · Sindh High Court · 1980-09-30Read full judgment →
• B. P. Biscuit Factory Ltd., Karachi Versus Wealth Tax Officer, II Circle, Karachi1981 PTD 217 · Sindh High Court · 1981-04-19Read full judgment →
• Nazar Muhammad Versus The State1981 PTD 208 · Sindh High Court · 1979-10-24Read full judgment →
• Master Abdul Aziz Ghafoor Khan Versus Controller of Estate Duty, Karachi and Another1981 PTD 197 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Husein Sugar Mills Ltd., Karachi Versus THS Islamic Republic of Pakistan1981 PTD 169 · Sindh High Court · 1981-02-15Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Wealth Tax (West), Karachi Versus Messrs Oriental Investment Trading Co. Ltd1981 PTD 134 · Sindh High Court · 1979-04-16Read full judgment →
• Eastern Federal Union Insurance Co. Ltd. Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax (Central)1980 PTD 73 · Sindh High Court · 1979-06-19Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax (Central), Karachi Versus Messrs Pakistan Insurance Corporation1980 PTD 62 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Mian Muhammad Bashir Versus Income-Tax Officer, Investigation Circle IV, Karachi1980 PTD 422 · Sindh High Court · 1978-10-21Read full judgment →
• Messrs Universal Metal Industries, Karachi Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi1980 PTD 33 · Sindh High Court · 1967-01-25Read full judgment →
• Messrs Pakistan Industrial, Credit and Investment Corporation Ltd. Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax (East), Karachi1980 PTD 322 · Sindh High Court · 1980-03-31Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi (West). Karachi Versus S. A. Rehman1980 PTD 314 · Sindh High Court · 1979-03-26Read full judgment →
• K . Rahman Milk Foods Ltd., Karachi Versus Centrel Board of Revenue, Islamabad1980 PTD 309 · Sindh High Court · 1980-05-28Read full judgment →
• Messrs Al-Hilal Agencies Ltd., Karachi Versus Income-Tax Officer, Companies Circle XI, Karachi and Another1980 PTD 30 · Sindh High Court · 1979-04-22Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi (East), Karachi Versus Messrs Azam Industries Ltd., Karachi1980 PTD 26 · Sindh High Court · 1978-07-18Read full judgment →
• The Commissioner of Income-Tax Versus Singhoro Cotton Company1980 PTD 24 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Muhammad Muslim Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi1980 PTD 227 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi Versus Messrs Yugoslav Line1980 PTD 208 · Sindh High Court · 1979-03-31Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax (East), Karachi Versus Messrs Iqbal Engineering Works1980 PTD 20 · Sindh High Court · 1973-11-16Read full judgment →
• Messrs Paracha Textile Mills Versus Commissioner of Sales Tax1980 PTD 17 · Sindh High CourtRead full judgment →
• Messrs Haider Ali Rajab Ali & Co. Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax1980 PTD 1 · Sindh High Court · 1972-05-19Read full judgment →
• Messrs National Products Co., Karachi Versus The Commissioner of Sales Tax1973 PTD 523 · Sindh High Court · 1973-08-24Read full judgment →
• The Commissioner of Sales Tax (East), Karachi Versus Messrs International Industries Ltd., Karachi1973 PTD 417 · Sindh High Court · 1973-05-22Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Income-Tax (Investi Gation), Karachi Versus Messrs Vali Bhai Kamruddin (Sind) Ltd.1973 PTD 410 · Sindh High Court · 1972-12-21Read full judgment →
• Pakistan Cement Pipe Construction Co. Versus Commissioner of Income-Tax1973 PTD 379 · Sindh High Court · 1973-05-18Read full judgment →
• Messrs Hotel Metropole Ltd., Karachi Versus The Commissioner of Income-Tax (Central), Karachi1973 PTD 371 · Sindh High Court · 1973-04-20Read full judgment →
• Messrs Husein Industries Ltd., Karachi Versus Central Board of Revenue, Government of Pakistan1973 PTD 312 · Sindh High Court · 1973-03-13Read full judgment →
• The Commissioner of Income-Tax, Karachi Versus Messrs Paracha Textile Mills, Karachi1973 PTD 238 · Sindh High Court · 1973-04-09Read full judgment →
• H. Ghulam Muhammad & Bros. Ltd., Karachi Versus Central Board of Revenue, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad1973 PTD 221 · Sindh High Court · 1973-03-01Read full judgment →
• Commissioner of Sales Tax Versus Sultan Textile Mills Ltd.1973 PTD 216 · Sindh High Court · 1970-04-08Read full judgment →
• Husnain Brohi Versus Federation of Pakistan through Secretary, Establishment Division2025 PLC(CS) 992 · Sindh High Court · 2025-02-04
  civil servantdisciplinary proceedingsde-novo inquiryrevisionlimitation perioddouble jeopardyminor penaltyconstitutional petition
  Summary & questions settled

  This constitutional petition challenged a de-novo inquiry and a subsequent order seeking to impose a major penalty of dismissal upon the petitioner, a civil servant who had already been penalized with a minor penalty seven years prior, served the same, and subsequently been promoted. The core legal question was whether the competent authority could initiate de-novo proceedings or exercise revision powers long after the conclusion of the earlier disciplinary proceedings and beyond the statutory limitation period, and whether such action violated the protection against double jeopardy. The Sindh High Court held that the impugned order initiating a de-novo inquiry after a lapse of seven years was barred by the express limitation period of one year stipulated under Rule 11(3) of the Civil Servants (Efficiency and Discipline) Rules, 2020, and potentially offended the protection against double punishment under Article 13(a) of the Constitution. The petition was allowed and the impugned order was set aside.

  Questions settled

  • Whether the authority can initiate a de-novo inquiry or exercise revision powers after the expiry of the one-year limitation period prescribed under Rule 11(3) of the Civil Servants (Efficiency and Discipline) Rules, 2020?
  • Does initiating a second disciplinary inquiry for the same allegations after a civil servant has already served a minor penalty violate the protection against double punishment under Article 13(a) of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973?
  • Is a constitutional petition maintainable against a de-novo inquiry order before the exhaustion of remedies or in the absence of a final departmental order?
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• Younus Parwani Versus Federation of Pakistan through Finance Secretary2025 PLC(CS) 976 · Sindh High Court · 2025-04-17
  service lawpromotion policywrit jurisdictionadministrative discretionNational Bank of Pakistanjudicial reviewservice rights
  Summary & questions settled

  This constitutional petition challenged the promotion policy of the National Bank of Pakistan, specifically contesting the discretionary power granted to the President to promote officers as an exception to the general policy. The petitioners alleged that this discretion facilitated favoritism and violated their service rights, as they were denied promotions despite better performance ratings. The core legal question was whether the High Court possesses the jurisdiction to interfere with the internal administrative promotion policies of a banking institution and whether employees possess an inherent right to promotion. The Court dismissed the petition, holding that promotion is not a vested right but a matter of eligibility and fitness determined by the competent authority. The Court emphasized that setting promotion criteria is an administrative function within the bank's exclusive policy-making authority. Consequently, the Court affirmed that judicial intervention in such policy decisions, made in good faith to promote merit and retain talent, is unwarranted, as the judiciary lacks the expertise to substitute its judgment for that of the bank's management.

  Questions settled

  • Does an employee have an inherent or guaranteed right to promotion based on seniority?
  • Can the High Court interfere with the internal promotion policies of a banking institution via a writ petition?
  • Does the President of the National Bank of Pakistan have the authority to make promotion decisions for employees under the Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974?
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• Ali Jan Panhwar Versus Province of Sindh through Secretary Sindh Small Industries, Corporation, Sindh Secretariat, Karachi2025 PLC(CS) 944 · Sindh High Court · 2024-05-14
  deceased quotacivil servantappointmentconstitutional petitionpublic employmentlegal heirsSindh Civil Servants Rules
  Summary & questions settled

  This matter concerns petitions filed under Article 199 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973, by legal heirs of deceased or incapacitated civil servants of the Government of Sindh. The petitioners challenged the respondents' failure to appoint them to ministerial posts under the reserved deceased quota, alleging discriminatory rejection of their applications. The core legal question was whether the government could deny these appointments based on a strict two-year limitation period, notwithstanding previous notifications and Supreme Court rulings. The Court held that the government is obligated to consider these applications in accordance with the law and established policy. Relying on the Supreme Court's order in C.Ps. Nos. 482-K and 503-K of 2016, the Court ruled that the two-year clog for applications was effectively removed for candidates whose rights had already accrued. The Court directed the Chief Secretary to re-examine all such cases, including those previously rejected, through a speaking order, emphasizing that public employment is a source of livelihood and that the State must protect the families of deceased civil servants as mandated by the Constitution.

  Questions settled

  • Does the two-year limitation period for applying under the deceased quota apply to candidates whose right to employment had already accrued prior to the 2014 notification?
  • Is the government obligated to reconsider previously rejected applications for the deceased quota in light of Supreme Court directives?
  • Does the failure to provide employment to legal heirs of deceased civil servants violate the constitutional protection afforded to families under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973?
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• Dr. Itrat Malik Versus State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan2025 PLC(CS) 921 · Sindh High Court · 2025-02-11
  constitutional petitionback benefitsreinstatementminor penaltycensurepublic sector companymisconductleave without pay
  Summary & questions settled

  This constitutional petition before the Sindh High Court challenged the orders dated May 9, 2019, and November 19, 2019, passed by the State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan (SLIC), whereby the petitioner was visited with a minor penalty of censure and her period of dismissal was treated as leave without pay following an earlier round of litigation. The core legal questions involved the maintainability of a petition against SLIC, whether back benefits can be denied upon reinstatement after a converted penalty, and the legality of simultaneously imposing a minor penalty and treating the intervening absence as leave without pay. The court held that SLIC is a public sector company and a person performing functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, making the petition maintainable under Article 199 of the Constitution. The court further held that withholding back benefits and treating the forced absence as leave without pay alongside a minor penalty of censure amounts to double punishment, and that unconditional setting aside or reduction of dismissal generally entitles the employee to back benefits. The petition was allowed, setting aside the impugned orders and granting the petitioner her consequential benefits.

  Questions settled

  • Whether a constitutional petition under Article 199 of the Constitution is maintainable against the State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan?
  • Does the imposition of a minor penalty of censure alongside treating the period of forced absence as leave without pay amount to double punishment?
  • Whether an employee reinstated in service after the setting aside of a dismissal order is automatically entitled to back benefits?
  • What is the effect of conditional reinstatement on the award of back benefits to a public servant?
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• Abdul Hussain Versus Province of Sindh through Secretary Agriculture Department Sindh2025 PLC(CS) 916 · Sindh High Court · 2025-04-22
  deceased quotacivil service appointmentprospective operation of judgmentsvested rightswrit jurisdictionfundamental rightsadministrative negligence
  Summary & questions settled

  This constitutional petition concerns a claim for appointment under the deceased quota in the Agriculture Extension Department. The petitioner, whose father died in 2002, sought employment under the Sindh Civil Servants (Appointment, Promotion and Transfer) Rules, 1974. The core legal question was whether the petitioner’s claim for appointment remained valid despite the subsequent repeal of the relevant rules and the Supreme Court’s judgment in General Post Office, Islamabad and others v. Muhammad Jalal (PLD 2024 SC 1276), which declared such appointments discriminatory. The Court held that the petitioner’s right to appointment accrued in 2002 when the rules were in force, and the department’s failure to process the application for years constituted negligence. The Court ruled that the Supreme Court’s judgment in Muhammad Jalal operates prospectively and does not extinguish rights that vested prior to the decision. Consequently, the Court directed the respondents to consider the petitioner's case for appointment within three months, ordering that any age-related disqualification be condoned given the department's delay. The key principle established is that beneficial legislation and vested rights are protected against the retrospective application of subsequent judicial declarations of invalidity.

  Questions settled

  • Does the Supreme Court judgment in General Post Office, Islamabad and others v. Muhammad Jalal (PLD 2024 SC 1276) operate retrospectively to invalidate appointments under the deceased quota that were pending prior to the judgment?
  • Can a government department deny an appointment under the deceased quota based on a delay caused by the department's own failure to process the application?
  • Are rights to employment under the deceased quota considered vested rights once the policy is in force and the event triggering the entitlement occurs?
  • Is the upper age limit for government employment relaxable when the delay in processing an application is attributable to the department's negligence?
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• Asadullah Khawaja Versus Investment Corporation of Pakistan (ICP)2025 PLC(CS) 902 · Sindh High Court · 2024-05-31
  Voluntary Retirement SchemeManaging Directorservice benefitsprospective operationpromissory estoppelsalary revision
  Summary & questions settled

  The appellant filed a suit for declaration and recovery of Rs.28.62 million against the Investment Corporation of Pakistan (ICP) regarding retirement benefits under a Voluntary Retirement Scheme. A Single Judge framed several issues, and upon trial, the suit was dismissed, leading to the present appeal before the Sindh High Court. The core legal question revolved around whether the appellant, a former Managing Director of ICP, was entitled to his retirement benefits based on a specific salary grade and whether revisions to his salary could have retrospective effect. The appellate court held that the appellant's appointment was governed by the Investment Corporation of Pakistan Ordinance, 1966, and his terms and conditions were determined by the federal government. The court ruled that salary revisions and statutory amendments apply prospectively unless expressed otherwise, and the appellant was estopped by his own acceptance and conduct from claiming additional privileges. The appeal was accordingly dismissed.

  Questions settled

  • Whether the terms and conditions of a Managing Director of the Investment Corporation of Pakistan are governed by the Investment Corporation of Pakistan Ordinance, 1966 or the Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974?
  • Can a salary revision or statutory amendment be applied retrospectively without explicit expression in the law?
  • Whether an employee who accepted a voluntary retirement package based on a settled salary can subsequently claim benefits contrary to their own acceptance under the doctrine of promissory estoppel?
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